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Urban drainage and sanitation in fast growing African meag cities: status quo and development scenarios (A case study of Nairobi, Kenya)
Art der Abschlussarbeit
Master
Autoren
- Alukwe, Andanje Isaac
Betreuer
- Prof. Dr. sc. techn. Peter Krebs
- Dr.-Ing. Jens Tränckner
Abstract
The present population of Nairobi is estimated at 3.15 million, and the city is observed to be facing a variety of water supply and pollution problems. Increased stresses on the world’s water affecting quality, quantity and availability as society develops has not spared the city either. Studies aimed at identifying new coherences and improvement measures are important to help evaluate the impact of planned or executed water and sanitation projects. Further, recognition of possible development strategies and enhancement of public and policy makers’ awareness to deal with the future is vital. The objective of this study was to analyze the existing status of urban drainage and sanitation, wastewater treatment and future growth and development of the city of Nairobi. A mathematical mass flow model was developed to analyse water and pollutant flows in the urbanized area of Nairobi. It involved an assessment and quantification of the water flows and pollutant loads. Development scenarios were simulated and discussed. Untreated wastewaters from industrial, households (greywater and blackwater) and raw sewage overflows from sewers each releasing an estimated annual loads of 19120.8 t/yr N, 1547.7 t/yr P and 1128.77 t/yr P respectively were found to be major causes of pollution to surface water bodies. The stormwater from urbanized area was also found to discharge 1642.79 t/yr of nitrogen and 794.48 t/yr of phosphorous into surface waters. Blackwater is a key pollution source to soils and aquifers. Sanitation releases a whooping 20,091.55 t/yr N loads into soils and aquifers annually. In general, households discharge 20546.27 and 3402.94 tonnes of nitrogen and phosphorous respectively to soils and aquifers each year. Measures such as improved treatment of wastewaters and solid waste handling, and use of different sanitation facilities are recommended as they are observed to drastically lower pollutant flows into water bodies. Further, prohibiting use of detergents with phosphorous is important in reducing phosphorous emissions. High investments are needed to guarantee safe drinking water supply in Nairobi in order to keep pace with the fast emergent population. Options for groundwater abstraction need to be explored to cushion the ever increasing water demand mainly pumped from the Tana Basin. Multi-sectoral and an effective participatory approach (involving the government, business community, NGOs and society at large) to nature and water resource conservation could provide higher sustainability in the long-term.
Schlagwörter
Urban water flows, Nitrogen, Phosporous, Scenario analysis and sanitation
Berichtsjahr
2008