Citation rules and citation options
Table of contents
- It goes without saying that the regulations on bibliography have been observed.
- The information is reproduced in full in the first footnote.
- Remember to use quotation marks for citations and italics for titles and foreign-language references.
- Citation rules should also be observed for web pages. The basic principle is the possibility of retrieving the literature used.
Correct bibliography
Abbreviations are permissible as long as they are comprehensible and understandable for the reader. For example, it is possible to refrain from mentioning several places of publication (e.g.), to reproduce the first name as an initial, etc..
Journals that are prominent in the respective subject can be given in their standardized abbreviation, e.g. HZ instead of Historische Zeitschrift. An overview of such abbreviations can be found in the relevant journals.
If information cannot be found in the book, you can make do with o.O. (without place), o.J. (without year). In any case, the bibliography must be complete.
Necessary information for independent publications
- Surname, first name: Title. Subtitle, place (publisher) YearEdition.
- Surname, V.: Title, ed. by V. Surname, place x.edition year.
Required information for dependent publications
- Surname, first name: "Essay title. Subtitle", in: Surname, first name (ed.): Title. Title.subtitle, place (publisher) yearedition, p.x-y.
- Surname, first name: "Article title", in: Journal year volume number (year), p.x-y.
- Surname, first name: "Article", in: Newspaper, exact date, p.x-y.
- Surname, first name: "Article", in: www.Seitenname.Länderkürzel, date, pages.
Examples
Burke, Peter: The Renaissance, Berlin (Wagenbach) 1990.
Foucault, Michel: L'ordre du discours, Paris (Gallimard) 1971.
Burckhardt, Jacob: The culture of the Renaissance in Italy. Ein Versuch, ed. by Konrad Hoffmann, Stuttgart (Kröner) 198811.
Gilcher-Holtey, Ingrid: "Kulturelle und symbolische Praktiken: das Unternehmen Pierre Bourdieu", in: Hardtwig, Wolfgang / Hans-Ulrich Wehler (eds.): Kulturgeschichte heute, Göttingen (Vandenhoeck&Ruprecht) 1996, pp.111-130.
Lemert, Charles: "The Habits of Intellectuals. Response to Ringer", in: Theory and Society 19 (1990), pp.295-310.
Schilling, Heinz: "Confessionalization in the Empire. Religious and social change in Germany between 1555 and 1620", in: HZ 246 (1988), pp.1-45.
Rochat, Giorgio: "Die italienische Historiographie zum Ersten Weltkrieg", in: Michalka, Wolfgang (ed.): Der Erste Weltkrieg. Impact. Perception. Analysis, Munich et al. (Piper) 1994, pp.972-990.
Weber, Peter: "Solid parliamentary majority for Silvio Berlusconi, but no landslide", in: www.das-parlament.de 23.5.01, 4 pages (= http://www.das-parlament.de/html/p-druck-version.cfm?ID=5544).
"Terminator II", in: profil.at 10.5.01, 3 pages (= http://intern.telekurier.at /kurier/na_pro.../ parse.php3?mlay_id=1000888&mdoc_id=234310).
Correct citation
Everything that is cited directly (citation in quotation marks, also from the Internet with specific reference, in the case of primary literature very important: publisher, which version) and indirectly is cited. This includes quoting the meaning, referring to the relevant pages, chapters in the secondary literature (as backup, as evidence, as a reference). Usually with See, Compare...
Verbatim means that no changes are made with regard to capitalization, punctuation, spelling, etc., i.e. typographical errors must also be included (which can be marked with a [sic!] just like errors in content). If the content of a quotation is altered, this must also be indicated in square brackets, e.g. by [emphasis added by the author]. Omissions are noted within the quotations with three dots (...).
When analyzing a text, the source must always be cited. Simple assertions are not scientific.
Direct quotations in the text that are longer are indented, single-spaced and without quotation marks. Please note: shorter quotations appear in the text either after a colon or built into the sentence structure. Changes are marked with Sic / author or with (...).
Example
The regional elections in Italy in 2000 were regarded as a trial run for the parliamentary elections in 2001. Alliances had come together and, as Lütke Entrup writes as an observer of the elections: "The negotiations are, as I said, in full swing. "1 He is referring to the rapid merger of the electoral alliances, because:
Just as in the case of the regional elections, there is or remains (...) after an election victory in spring 2001 the difficulty of forming a government coalition from a numerical election victory that also has a sufficient working majority in parliament.2
According to Lütke Entrup3, forming a government would therefore be problematic - a prediction that did not come true.
1 Lütke Entrup, Joseph: "The regional elections and their national significance", in: Welt-Report der Adenauer-Stiftung April 2000, p.12.
2 ibid., p.14.
3 Cf. ibid., p.13-14.